Population of Thrips sp . on the Integrated Pest Management and Conventional farming on Chilli ( Capsicum annuum L . ) at Bayem Village , Sub-District Kasembon , Malang Bachtiar

This research aimed to find out an abundance of Thrips sp. population on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and conventional farming at chilli plantation. The research was conducted on August until November 2012 at the Bayem Village, Sub-distric Kasembon, Malang, East Java and Entomology Laboratory, Departement of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, Brawijaya University. The methods to determine abundance population Thrips sp. was using quadrant with 4 plants samples in 1 beds were taken. The observation was using 16 plants, on the each treatment of IPM and conventional farming. The result showed that the population of Thrips sp. (nymph) on IPM and conventional was not significantly different, while the population of Thrips sp. (adult) in the IPM treatment was significantly higher compared to conventional. Plant height on IPM treatment was higher than conventional treatment. The statistical analysis on Thrips sp. attacks indicated, that the intensity of damage on IPM treatment (0.16 %) and conventional treatment (0,14 %) were not significantly different. The yield of chilli on the IPM (31%) was significantly higher than compared to conventional treatment. Chilli cultivation costs on IPM was higher (2.5%) rather than the conventional. The yield of chilli plant per hectare on IPM had advantage higher (37%) than conventional. The calculation of the BCR at the IPM was higher (27%) than the conventional farming.


INTRODUCTION
Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is a vegetable commodity that has a high economic value.Chilli needs continue to increase every year in line with the increasing number of population and the development of industries that require raw materials of chilli [1].The productivity of chilli can be reduced due to pest disturbance.
Main pest on the chilli is Thrips sp.(Thysanoptera: Thripidae), which could made crop losses of up to 23%.The attacks that occur at the beginning of planting can be very damaging and it will allowing the occurrence of dwarfing, plants wither, and dead plants [2].In control of Thrips sp., Farmers are using various of pesticides and it have a negative impact such as reducing the abundance of natural enemies in chilli.To mitigate the negative impacts, an agroecosystem management by using Integrated Pest Management (IPM) on the field is required.IPM is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties.Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed according to established guidelines and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism [3].The implementation and development of IPM will not work without sufficient and continuous support from the research program.The application of polyculture in the IPM will be able to present the fauna diversity that will also increase diversity of natural enemies.That polyculture is combining several commodities, which has the potential to create a diversity of fauna with a more complex of food frames including to stimulate the presence of biological controls [4].
Implementation of appropriate IPM on chilli cultivation is expected to decrease the population and intensity of Thrips sp.Therefore, the use of pesticides can be reduced.The application of IPM is expected to improve the quality and quantity yield of chilli, so that the economic value is increased.
This research aimed to determine the effect of IPM and conventional farming on large chilli cultivations on the Thrips sp population abundance at Bayem Village, Kasembon Subdistrict, Malang.

MATERIAL AND METHOD
The materials used in this study were big chilli variety of Gada MK, peanuts, silver black plastic mulch, compost tea, cartel soil, manure, Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), which is consist of fungi Trichoderma sp., Pseudomonas flourescent Migula, Basillus subtilis Chon, Acetobacter sp., and Azospirillum sp.PGPR have some functions, such as: a) able to spur the growth and physiology of the roots and able to reduce disease damage by insects; b) Increasing availability of other nutrients such as phosphate, sulfur, iron and copper; c) PGPR can produce plant hormones, adding bacteria and fungi that can control pests and diseases.Midec also being used, it was developed by Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya which consist of fungi Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus niger van Tienghem, Saccharromyces sp., and bacteria P. flourescent, B. subtilis.Midec have some functions, such as: a) it can be used to deal with plant damage problems caused by pathogens; b) Maintaining the structure of plant cells and cell mobility in plants.The others materials that were used in this research consist of: NPK "Mutiara" 16:16:16, foliar fertilizer "Vitabloon", "Phonska" 15:15:15, organic fertilizer Mikoriza "Kusuma Bioplus".Chemical pestiside "Alika 247 ZC" with material active lamda sihalotrin 106 gr/L and tiametoksam 141 gr/L and biopesticide "Organeem" with material active azadirachtin 0,8 -1,4%.

Methodology
The research were using two block field treatments, consist of: 1) The chilli field with IPM and 2) The conventional farming that were using by the farmers.The data observations were population Thrips sp., pest attacks frequency on chilli, data analysis, yield calculations, and farming analysis.The research method is described as follows:

c. Analysis Data
Population Thrips sp. and attack intensity on chilli in the IPM and conventional farming were statistically analyzed by using T test with 5% level.d.Yield Calculation of average yield was calculated by the number of crops with 32 plant samples, the formula used is as follows: Description: n = total of harvest time e.Analysis Farming Analysis of the farming aimed to calculate the feasibility of chilli cultivation in IPM and conventional treatment.This can be discussed in the analysis below:  Variable costs Variable costs are costs that change in proportion to the plant needs.The higher farming activities will make the higher variable cost, the less farming activities will make the lower amount of variable costs. Total revenue Analysis of farming system aims to know the profits derived from the farm business.To calculate income can be used formula as below:  Profit Profit is the difference between income and expenses related to business activities.Profit (π) Is the result of subtraction (Income) with total (Cost).The formula: π = I -C  Break Event Point (BEP) Break Event Point (BEP) is the point at which total cost and total revenue are equal.Therefore, the point will be used to decide the profitable farming system.Break event point calculation by using formula could be done in the two types, that consist of break event point of production and break event point price.Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) is a measure of the comparison between income and cost.BCR is calculated to determine the feasibility of a business.BCR> 1 means that the business is feasible.The formula BCR is the total revenue divided by the total cost of production.The formula is:

Data Collection
Explain the data collection methods, i.e. surveys, observations or archive, accompanied by details of the use of such methods.This section also describes the population, sampling and sample selection methods.
he use of English language should followed proper grammar and terms.Name of organism shoul be followed by its full scientific name in the first mention, in italic [3].Author of the scientific name and the word of "var."typed regular.Example: Stellaria saxatillis Buch.Ham.First abbreviation typed in colon after the abbreviated phrase.
Author must use International Standard Unit (SI).Negative exponent used to show the denominator unit.Example: g l -1 , instead of g/l.The unit spaced after the numbers, except percentage [4].Example: 25 g l -1 , instead of 25gl - 1 ; 35% instead of 35 %.Decimal typed in dot (not coma).All tables and figures should be mentioned in the text.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The observations population of Thrips sp. were found various life phases of these pests, both in nymph and imago phase in the treatment of IPM and conventional.
Based on statistical analysis, the mean value of nymph population in IPM and conventional treatment was not significantly different.While the mean value of the imago population in the IPM treatment was significantly higher than in the conventional treatment.
Observation of nymph population of Thrips sp. on the IPM and conventional were conducted at 7 DAP to 83 DAP.During the observation in that time there is often a fluctuation in the number of nymph population.The largest number of nymphs population in the treatment of IPM at 39 DAP and 47 DAP (Fig. 1)., symptom attacks by Thrips sp.(nymph) were characterized with shriveled leaves, plants becoming dwarfed, and it happens in the flowering times [6].In the conventional treatment the highest nymph population were at 59 DAP, after that the population were decreased.The largest number of imago populations in IPM treatment at 43 DAP (Figure 4).The largest number of imago population occured, when chilli were entering the generative phase, when leaves, flowers, and fruit of chilli were still young.Population imago of Thrips sp.found higher in the flowers of chilli than in the other plant organs

Growth Parameter
The results of growth parameter was performed to find out the average growth of chilli on the treatment of IPM compared with conventional farming (Table 2).
The means of plant height in the IPM was significantly higher than that of conventional farming (Table 1).This suggests that the application of compost fertilizer to IPM treatment makes the plant better than not using compost in conventional treatment.The content of Nitrogen (N) elements in compost fertilizer is required for the formation of vegetative parts.The application of compost fertilizer could increase the growth of chilli better than the treatment without using compost [10].

Damage intensity
The analysis of Thrips sp.showed that the damage intensity in the IPM and conventional treatment was not significantly different (Table 5).Treatment Damage intensity (%) PHT 0,16 a Conventional 0,14 a Description : Means of chilli plant height on IPM and conventional treatment which followed by same letter at the same column showed no significant difference based on T test at level 5% The damage intensity were low on the IPM and conventional treatment, due to the plants were tolerant to Thrips sp (Table 4).The tolerant resistance mechanism occurs because of the ability of certain plants to recover from injuries due to pest attacks or able to recover faster, so that damage intensity from the pest are less affected the chilli, compared to the other plants that more sensitive [11].

Yield
The result of statistical analysis on the yield of chilli on IPM is significantly higher than that of chilli plants in conventional treatment.Although the population of Thrips sp. in the IPM is higher than conventional treatment, but the yield of chilli was still higher in IPM than conventional (Table 3).This proves that the IPM treatment provides compensation, i.e the plant is able to tolerate or compensate for the damage [12], and made optimum yield even though the plant is attacked by pests.
The yield on chilli cultivation in the IPM and conventional were high and low.It was due to pest and disease attack.One of the disease that cause the decline in the yield of chilli was the fruit rot or antranoksa.In the observation, antranoksa attacked chilli in the IPM were higher than conventional treatment.Antranoksa is one of the main diseases in chilli cultivation, especially in hot and humid tropical regions and it is also known as main diaseases at pre-harvest and post-harvest time.This disease can reduce quality of chilli and reduce production by 45-60% [13].

Analysis of farming
The business analysis contains an overview of the cost components to be incurred and the level of profit or loss rate obtained.By using proper cultivation strategy, production costs will be more efficient.The analysis of farming on chilli cultivation in IPM and conventional treatment is equalized to the extent of 1 hectare at each planting season.In this research, chilli cultivation treatment using plant spacing 60 x 50 cm so that the plant population obtained 18,857 plants in one hectare.The cost of Chilli cultivation at IPM treatment is higher (Rp 38,550,000) than conventional treatment (Rp 36,702,400), but in the practice of chilli cultivation per hectare in IPM treatment has higher profit (Rp 186,885,900/planting season) than in conventional (Rp 85.871.500/plantingseason).
The result of analysis shows that the value of Break Event Point (BEP) of chilli on IPM treatment was 7,710,08 Kg/planting season, for the BEP production was at the price level Rp.885/Kg.While in the conventional treatment shows that the yield of chilli production were 7,340.48Kg/planting season for BEP production, and BEP chilli business at the price level Rp.1.471/Kg.This values indicated that the chilli business was not on profit or loss at the price level of Rp. 885/Kg for IPM treatment, whereas in the conventional treatment would be at the price level of Rp. 1.471/Kg.
Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) is an analysis, that needed to compare income and cost of chilli cultivation.The BCR result showed at IPT were having the resultant profit about 5,85 times from capital gained.While in the conventional treatment, the profit generated 3.34 times the capital gained.This proves that the chilli cultivation by IPM is recommended to be applied.

CONCLUSIONS
Total population nymph of Thrips sp was not significantly different between IPM and conventional, while the number of imago population in IPM was higher than conventional treatment.Plant height in IPM was higher than conventional treatment.Intensity of Thrips sp on the IPM and conventional treatment was not significantly different.
The application of IPM on the chilli will become tolerant to Thrips sp attack, but it still could produce optimal production.The yield analysis result showed that yield of chilli on IPM were higher than conventional treatment.The calculation of BCR, showed the profits generated at the IPM were higher (5.85 times that of the obtained capital) than conventional treatment (3.34 times the capital gained).
a. Chilli fieldIn this study chilli cultivation is divided into two treatments, namely IPM and conventional by farmers.Each experimental plots was 210 m² b.Observation Thrips sp.population and the frequency of attacks on chilli Observation of Thrips sp.population abundance in chilli plant is a fixed observation.Observation aimed to determine the population abundance of Thrips sp.On a fixed sample plot.The quadrant method used to find out the population abundance of Thrips sp with 4 plant samples in 1 beds, starting at the second beds and the next beds.Observation population Thrips sp at 4 day intervals.Identification of Thrips sp. was done by using an insect identification book[5].It was purposed to know the species of Thrips sp that exist in the chilli.Analysis of plant growth were including plant height, number of leaves, and number of leaves attacked by Thrips sp.The formula used to determine the the attack intensity is: Р = Description: P = the rate of plant damage to the plant (%), a is the number of leaves, stems, flowers, fruits affected per plant sample, N is the number of leaves, stems, flowers, fruit observed per plant sample.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Population nymph fluctuation of Thrips sp. on IPM and conventional farming in Bayem Village, Sub-District Kasembon.
[7].In the IPM treatment observation at 47 DAP showed a decreased population imago of Thrips sp. until 63 DAP.It caused by the application of biopesticide.Application of biopesticide on IPM treatment was conducted at 19 DAP and 43 DAP.The biopesticide contains active materials such as azadirachtin salts.Azadirachtin can be found in the seeds and leaves of the Mimba tree (Azadirachta indica).The azadirachtin is one of the triterpenoid secondary metabolites, that has been used as an active ingredient on biopesticides and proven to control more than 300 species of pests[8].

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Population imago of Thrips sp on IPM and conventional farming in Bayem Village, Sub-District Kasembon.In the treatment of IPM population imago of Thrips sp.increased from 67 DAP to 83 DAP.It could be happened because the population of imago Thrips sp.attack on the petals and flowers.In the conventional farming, population imago of Thrips sp. were inthe highest peak at 35 DAP and 43 DAP.In this phase, adult / imago of Thrips sp. were attacking on young leaves.The population imago of Thrips sp.mostly could be found in the young flowers and fruits.In the conventional treatment at 47 DAP imago population were decreased [9].The highest number of imago populations was in the IPM treatment at 43 DAP, but at 47 until 63 DAP population imago Thrips sp were decreased.Then it was increased again at 67 DAP until 83 DAP.

Table 1 .
Average population of Thrips sp. on Chili Plant on Integrated Pest Management and Convetional per Sample Plant at Bayam Village, Sub -District Kasembon.
Description : Means of chilli plant height on IPM and conventional treatment which followed by different letter at the same column showed a significant difference based on T test at level 5%

Table 2 .
Plant height (cm) caused by Thrips sp. on IPM and conventional treatment in Bayem Village, Sub-District Kasembon.Description : Means of chilli plant height on IPM and conventional treatment which followed by different letter at the same column showed a significant difference based on T test at level 5%

Table 3 .
Damage intensity caused by Thrips sp. on IPM and conventional treatment in Bayem Village, Sub-District Kasembon.

Table 5 .
Analysis of chilli farming on IPM and conventional treatment at Bayem Village, Sub District Kasembon in 1 hectare.